Friday, 10 July 2026

Promoters of stocks: A blend of financial self-interest, psychological ego gratification and statistical manipulation


I participate in a forum for investors. In this forum, a particular Mr. C promotes many stocks very aggressively. He encouraged people to buy his selected stocks. However, over the many years, his selections were not particularly outstanding. There were gainers and also losers. However, he would harped and repeatedly showed off his winners, hiding or ignoring his losers in frequent subsequent posts. He is very prolific in his posts, posting many threads and replies daily. Please discuss what might be the intentions of this promoter Mr. C in his participation in this forum.


This is a textbook profile of a certain archetype found on almost every retail investing forum. Given the specific behaviors you described—aggressive promotion, selective memory, hyper-prolific posting, and mediocre long-term results—Mr. C’s intentions likely fall into a blend of financial self-interest, psychological ego gratification, and statistical manipulation.

Here is a breakdown of what is likely driving his participation:

1. Financial Self-Interest (The "Pump and Dump" / Exit Liquidity)
This is the most common and cynical intention.

  • Mr. C almost certainly holds positions in the stocks he promotes before he posts about them. By aggressively talking them up, he creates buying pressure from forum members, allowing him to sell his own shares into that temporary hype (at a higher price).

  • Given that he is "prolific," he likely uses a shotgun approach: he buys small positions in 50 different micro-caps or volatile stocks, promotes them all, and takes quick profits on any that pop due to the forum's collective buying power. The losers are simply discarded.

2. The "Guru" Grift (Monetizing the Audience)
Even if he isn't directly trading against you, his ultimate goal may be to build a brand to monetize later.

  • By posting thousands of times, he gains name recognition. His intention is to accumulate enough followers to eventually funnel them into a paid newsletter, a private Discord, a "signals" service, or a YouTube channel.

  • To sustain this, he must appear infallible. Highlighting winners creates the illusion of genius, which is the marketing hook he uses to convert forum-lurkers into paying customers. The losers are hidden because they would break the spell and reduce his subscription conversion rate.

3. Psychological Ego and Cognitive Dissonance (Self-Deception)
Not all promoters are malicious; some are genuinely delusional.

  • Over many years, he has invested his identity into being "the stock expert" on that forum. Admitting his losers are random would be an ego-shattering admission of mediocrity.

  • He engages in confirmation bias: he actively seeks out and remembers his wins, while using mental accounting to rationalize his losses (e.g., "The market was manipulated," "I said sell at the peak," or "It's a long-term hold"). He may genuinely believe his own hype because his brain has edited out the painful failures to protect his self-esteem.

4. Statistical Exploitation (Survivorship Bias)
This is the mathematical reality of his behavior.

  • If he promotes 100 stocks a year over 10 years, that is 1,000 picks. Even a blind chimpanzee throwing darts will have roughly 40% to 50% winners in a bull market.

  • By random chance alone, he will have a handful of 5x or 10x "baggers." His intention is to exploit survivorship bias—he drags those 5 or 10 massive winners out into the spotlight every single day, making them represent his entire career, while the 990 losers quietly fade into the forum's archive. He is betting on the fact that new members join daily and haven't seen the old losing calls.

5. The "Prolific" Strategy (Overwhelming the Opposition)
Why does he post so much? Quantity is a deliberate tactic to achieve specific goals:

  • Burial of evidence: By starting dozens of threads and replies daily, he pushes old, losing threads off the front page. Newcomers can't easily search for his failed picks because his successful hype-threads are constantly bumped to the top.

  • The Mere-Exposure Effect: Psychologically, humans develop a false sense of trust and familiarity with things they see repeatedly. By flooding the forum, he makes his username synonymous with "stock market," conditioning members to associate him with authority, regardless of his actual track record.

  • Drowning out critics: If someone posts a rebuttal or highlights a loser, his massive daily output buries that negative post within hours, preventing the community from forming a consensus against him.

6. Trolling / Social Experimentation
In rare cases, prolific promoters enjoy the chaos and the "god-like" feeling of moving a stock price with a single post. Watching retail investors scramble to buy his picks gives him a sense of power and control over the forum's micro-economy. The losers don't matter to him because he doesn't feel the financial pain of the followers who bought them.


What this means for you and other forum members:

Mr. C’s primary intention is not to help you make money; it is to serve himself—either financially (through selling his bags or subscriptions) or emotionally (through validation).

The ultimate proof is in your own observation: over many years, his selections were not outstanding. If he were truly a genius, after 10 years of posting, he would be a billionaire and wouldn't need to spend 10 hours a day on a retail forum.

Practical advice: Start a private "Mr. C Scorecard" in a spreadsheet. Track every single pick he makes on the day he makes it, including the entry price. Do not track the ones he brags about retroactively. After 6 months, you will mathematically prove that he is no better than a coin flip—and you can safely use him as a contrarian indicator (i.e., when he buys, you sell, or when he hypes, you stay away).

Thursday, 9 July 2026

Malaysia's Stock Market Valuation

Excess Cash Holdings, Weak Capital Allocation Weigh on Malaysia’s Market Valuation — CIMB IB

edgeinvest



Publish date: Thu, 09 Jul 2026, 10:08 AM






 











   



KUALA LUMPUR (July 8): Malaysia’s long-standing equity market valuation discount is increasingly being linked to inefficient capital allocation rather than weak corporate governance, with excessive corporate cash holdings emerging as a key concern, according to CIMB Investment Bank Bhd.

In a strategy note following discussions at the Institutional Investors Council of Malaysia (IICM) Corporate Governance Conference 2026, the research house said panellists agreed that improving capital allocation and shareholder returns would be more effective in narrowing Malaysia’s valuation gap than governance reforms alone.

At the conference, Securities Commission Malaysia (SC) executive director of corporate finance and investments Datuk Zain Azhari Mazlan said about one-quarter of the 88 public listed companies identified as part of the MY Value Up programme hold cash equivalent to more than 30% of their assets, while cash balances exceeding 10% of assets are common across the broader market.

He also noted that among the companies engaged under the MY Value Up programme — the 88 with a collective market capitalisation of RM1.7 trillion, representing about 82% of the broader market's total — only 19 have disclosed quantified forward-looking targets, with most continuing to focus on historical performance instead.

Permodalan Nasional Bhd (PNB) president and group chief executive Datuk Rizal Rickman Ramli said Malaysian corporate profit growth has broadly tracked the country’s 5% to 6% gross domestic product (GDP) growth since 2010.

However, earnings per share (EPS) growth has lagged at around 3%, weighed down by sustained capital expenditure and equity issuance, in contrast with the share buy-back culture seen in the US.  



      



He added that Malaysian companies have exceeded consensus EPS forecasts in only two of the past 11 years since 2015.

An analysis of return on equity also found that while profit margins and financial leverage were broadly comparable with MSCI Emerging Markets and Asean peers, weaker returns on assets remained the main drag.

Against this backdrop, CIMB IB said it is more positive on the Government-Linked Companies Empowerment and Reform (GEAR-uP) programme than the disclosure-focused MY Value Up initiative, as GEAR-uP includes explicit shareholder return objectives.

Under GEAR-uP, six core government-linked investment companies (GLICs) aim to raise the market capitalisation of their investee companies by RM100 billion over five years, while targeting a minimum annual shareholder return of 7.5% on a combined RM540 billion invested in Bursa Malaysia-listed companies, according to the strategy note.

By comparison, CIMB IB said MY Value Up remains voluntary as listed companies are encouraged to submit disclosure plans by the end of 2026, with public disclosure expected in 2027. Mandatory adoption could be considered around the end of 2027, depending on market participation.

Zain said the framework was intended as a fallback mechanism rather than the starting point for corporate reforms, adding that no tax incentives are currently being considered as such measures would require the Ministry of Finance’s approval.

CIMB IB expects 2026 and 2027 to serve as a “credibility-building phase” for MY Value Up, with investors likely to focus on companies that provide measurable three-year targets, align management incentives more closely with return on equity and total shareholder return, and demonstrate tangible capital return initiatives.

The research house identified five 'buy'-rated companies that it believes are well positioned to benefit from the MY Value Up and GEAR-uP initiatives: Telekom Malaysia Bhd (KL:TM), RHB Bank Bhd (KL:RHBBANK), UEM Sunrise Bhd (KL:UEMS), Sime Darby Property Bhd (KL:SIMEPROP) and IJM Corporation Bhd (KL:IJM).

“We believe the key indicators to monitor will be company-specific evidence — quantified three-year targets, long-term incentive plan metrics tightened to return on equity/total shareholder return, visible capital return action on the roughly one-quarter of the market sitting on excess cash,” said CIMB IB.

Source: TheEdge - 9 Jul 2026

                                                                                                                                                   

Wednesday, 8 July 2026

Tencent

Here is the 5-year financial trend for Tencent's Net Operating Cash Flow, Capital Expenditures (CapEx), and Free Cash Flow (FCF) from 2021 through 2025.

All figures are presented in RMB (Renminbi) Millions, mirroring Tencent’s primary presentation currency in its regulatory filings to the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.

5-Year Cash Flow Metrics (RMB Millions)

Metric20212022202320242025
Net Operating Cash Flow175,294146,094222,042237,390288,200
Capital Expenditures (CapEx)(33,411)(18,014)(23,912)(76,800)(79,200)
Free Cash Flow (FCF)149,343126,819139,410155,273182,600

Key Takeaways from the Data

  • The CapEx Pivot (2024–2025): Looking at the timeline, Tencent's CapEx dramatically spiked starting in 2024 (exploding by more than 220% year-over-year). This structural change reflects the company's aggressive, multi-billion dollar buildout of AI infrastructure and graphical processing unit (GPU) clusters to power its HunYuan Large Language Models and cloud services.

  • Operating Resilience: Despite self-funding this massive increase in capital infrastructure, Tencent's robust generation of Net Operating Cash Flow allowed it to simultaneously expand its final Free Cash Flow to a record high of RMB 182.6 billion by 2025.

  • The FCF Calculation Note: If you look at standard database terminals, you may notice slight variations in the exact FCF totals. This is because Tencent uses an internal adjusted formula in its investor presentations: Net Operating Cash Flow minus CapEx, minus media content payments (for videos/games), and minus lease liabilities. The numbers above align with Tencent's official investor definitions.





Over the last five years (2021–2025), Tencent's financial statements reflect a major transition. The company shifted from a period of heavy regulatory scrutiny and pandemic-related headwinds in China (2021–2022) to a strong earnings recovery driven by cost optimizations, high-margin revenue streams (like WeChat Video Accounts), and rapid AI commercialization (2023–2025).

Key Financial Metrics Summary (RMB Millions)

Tencent provides both standard IFRS figures and Non-IFRS adjustments. Non-IFRS metrics are widely watched by investors because they strip out massive volatile swings caused by the disposal, impairment, or fair-value reassessments of Tencent's global investment portfolio.

Metric (in RMB Millions)20212022202320242025
Total Revenue560,118554,552609,015660,257751,800
YoY Revenue Growth+16%-1%+10%+8%+14%
IFRS Net Profit227,810188,709118,048196,467267,000
Non-IFRS Net Profit127,919119,233161,719227,200267,900
YoY Non-IFRS Growth+1%-7%+36%+40%+18%
Total Assets1,612,3641,578,1311,577,2461,780,995N/A*

*Note: Exact audited full balance sheet asset data for the full year 2025 is typically fully published later in the complete annual document text, though top-line cash generation indicators remained highly robust.

Income Statement Analysis: The 5-Year Journey

1. 2021–2022: The Downturn & Regulatory Reset

  • The Context: China introduced strict anti-monopoly regulations, limits on minor gaming hours, and a freeze on new game licenses. Concurrently, COVID-19 lockdowns impacted advertising and commercial payment volumes.

  • The Impact: In 2022, Tencent recorded its first-ever annual revenue decline (-1%) and core profitability contracted.

  • The IFRS Distortion: In 2021, IFRS profit spiked abnormally to RMB 227.8 billion because Tencent distributed its massive stake in JD.com to shareholders as a special dividend, triggering a huge, one-time accounting gain. Non-IFRS data shows core business was essentially flat (+1%).

2. 2023: Structural Efficiency Overhaul

  • The Strategy: Tencent underwent major cost-cutting, exiting non-core businesses and reducing marketing expenses.

  • The Growth Drivers: The introduction of monetized video formats within WeChat (WeChat Video Accounts) boosted higher-margin advertising. FinTech transactions also bounced back post-lockdowns.

  • The Turnaround: While revenue grew moderately at 10%, Non-IFRS core net profit surged by 36% to RMB 161.7 billion, proving the company's operating leverage had vastly improved.

3. 2024–2025: High-Quality Growth & The AI Era

  • Gaming Comeback: Domestic gaming re-accelerated via its "Evergreen Games" strategy alongside breakout international hits from subsidiaries like Supercell. Overseas gaming became a structural pillar surpassing $10 billion annually.

  • AI Monetization: Revenue jumped significantly to RMB 751.8 billion by 2025. This late-period acceleration was fueled by integrating its HunYuan AI models into ad targeting systems (which vastly increased ad click rates) and scaling up paid AI cloud infrastructure for enterprise users.

  • Cash Flow and Buybacks: Free cash flow scaled exceptionally well, topping RMB 182.6 billion by 2025. Tencent used this vast war chest to aggressively return value to investors, executing over HKD 112 billion in share buybacks in 2024 alone to protect stock valuation.

Balance Sheet & Cash Position Trend

Tencent maintains an exceptionally clean, net-cash balance sheet. Its cash and cash equivalents generally hover between RMB 280 billion and RMB 400 billion depending on the timing of massive buyback distributions and strategic investments. The core business acts as a reliable cash printing machine, self-funding up to $1 billion per quarter in AI infrastructure investments without relying heavily on debt.



Tencent Holdings Limited (HKEX: 0700) is one of the world’s largest technology conglomerates. The company organizes its business into three core revenue-generating pillars, supplemented by a massive global investment portfolio:

1. Value-Added Services (VAS)

This is Tencent’s largest segment, typically driving nearly half of its total revenue. It is divided into two primary areas:

  • Online Games: Tencent is the world’s largest video game publisher. Locally, it dominates with evergreen titles like Honour of Kings and Peacekeeper Elite. Globally, it owns major studios like Riot Games (League of Legends) and Supercell (Clash of Clans), alongside publishing international hits like PUBG MOBILE.

  • Social Networks: This includes revenue from virtual item sales and premium digital subscriptions. Tencent operates WeChat (Weixin), an omnipresent "super-app" in China with over 1.4 billion monthly active users, alongside the legacy messaging platform QQ. This sub-segment also covers its music (Tencent Music Entertainment) and long-form video streaming (Tencent Video) subsidiaries.

2. FinTech and Business Services

Accounting for roughly 30% of revenue, this segment focuses on commercial transactions and enterprise infrastructure:

  • FinTech: Driven by WeChat Pay, which processes over a billion transactions daily. It monetizes via payment processing commissions and cross-sells into financial products like LiCaiTong (wealth management) and micro-lending via WeBank.

  • Business Services: Focused on Tencent Cloud, which provides Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) and Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) to industries like retail, finance, and gaming. It also collects e-commerce technical fees from merchants operating within WeChat Mini Programs.

3. Marketing Services (Online Advertising)

This segment leverages the vast traffic of Tencent's ecosystem to sell ad space, accounting for about 15–20% of revenue.

  • Ecosystem Ads: Placement of advertisements across WeChat Moments, WeChat Channels (short-form video platform competing with Douyin/TikTok), Mini Programs, and traditional media platforms like Tencent News.

  • AI Integration: Tencent heavily utilizes its proprietary HunYuan AI large language models to optimize ad targeting and improve click-through rates for advertisers.

4. Investment Portfolio (The "Radar" Strategy)

Beyond its operational segments, Tencent acts as a massive investment house. It holds significant minority stakes in hundreds of global companies across e-commerce (such as Pinduoduo and JD.com), entertainment (Epic Games, Universal Music Group), and various global tech startups. This ecosystem strategy allows Tencent to capture financial upside and spot market trends early without having to operate the businesses directly.