The supernormal growth model is most commonly seen in finance classes or more advanced investing certificate exams. It is based on discounting cash flows, and the purpose of the supernormal growth model is to value a stock which is expected to have higher than normal growth in dividend payments for some period in the future. After this supernormal growth the dividend is expected to go back to a normal with a constant growth. (For a background reading, check out Digging Into The Dividend Discount Model.)
Tutorial: Discounted Cash Flow Analysis
Where:
V = the value
D1 = the dividend next period
k = the required rate of return
Tutorial: Discounted Cash Flow Analysis
To understand the supernormal growth model we will go through three steps.
1. Dividend discount model (no growth in dividend payments)
2. Dividend growth model with constant growth (Gordon Growth Model)
3. Dividend discount model with supernormal growth
Dividend Discount Model (No Growth in Dividend Payments)
Preferred equity will usually pay the stockholder a fixed dividend, unlike common shares. If you take this payment and find the present value of the perpetuity you will find the implied value of the stock.
Preferred equity will usually pay the stockholder a fixed dividend, unlike common shares. If you take this payment and find the present value of the perpetuity you will find the implied value of the stock.
For example, if ABC Company is set to pay a $1.45 dividend next period and the required rate of return is 9%, then the expected value of the stock using this method would be 1.45/0.09 = $16.11. Every dividend payment in the future was discounted back to the present and added together.
V = D1/(1+k) + D2/(1+k)2 + D3/(1+k)3 + ... + Dn/(1+k)n |
Where:
V = the value
D1 = the dividend next period
k = the required rate of return
For example:
V = $1.45/(1.09) + $1.45/(1.09)2 + $1.45/(1.09)3 + … + $1.45/(1.09)n V= $1.33 + 1.22 + 1.12 + . . . V= $16.11 |
Because every dividend is the same we can reduce this equation down to: V= D/k
V=$1.45/0.09
V=$16.11
With common shares you will not have the predictability in the dividend distribution. To find the value of a common share, take the dividends you expect to receive during your holding period and discount it back to the present period. But there is one additional calculation: when you sell the common shares you will have a lump sum in the future which will have to be discounted back as well. We will use "P" to represent the future price of the shares when you sell them. Take this expected price (P) of the stock at the end of the holding period and discount it back at the discount rate. You can already see that there are more assumptions you need to make which increases the odds of miscalculating. (Explore arguments for and against company dividend policy, and learn how companies determine how much to pay out, read How And Why Do Companies Pay Dividends?)
For example, if you were thinking about holding a stock for three years and expected the price to be $35 after the third year, the expected dividend is $1.45 per year.
V= D1/(1+k) + D2/(1+k)2 + D3/(1+k)3 + P/(1+k)3 V = $1.45/1.09 + $1.45/1.092 + $1.45/1.093 +$35/1.093 |
Dividend Growth Model with Constant Growth (Gordon Growth Model)
Next let's assume there is a constant growth in the dividend. This would be best suited for evaluating larger stable dividend paying stocks. Look to the history of consistent dividend payments and predict the growth rate given the economy the industry and the company's policy on retained earnings.
Next let's assume there is a constant growth in the dividend. This would be best suited for evaluating larger stable dividend paying stocks. Look to the history of consistent dividend payments and predict the growth rate given the economy the industry and the company's policy on retained earnings.
Again we base the value on the present value of future cash flows:
V = D1/(1+k) + D2/(1+k)2+…..+Dn/(1+k)n |
But we add a growth rate to each of the dividends (D1, D2, D3, etc.) In this example we will assume a 3% growth rate.
So D1 would be $1.45(1.03) = $1.49
D2 = $1.45(1.03)2 = $1.54
D3 = $1.45(1.03)3 = $1.58
This changes our original equation to :
V = D1(1.03)/(1+k) + D2(1.03)2/(1+k)2+…..+Dn(1.03)n/(1+k)n V = $1.45(1.03)/(1.09) + $1.45(1.03)2/(1.09)2 + $1.45(1.03)3/(1.09)3 + … + $1.45(1.03)n/(1.09)n V = $1.37 +$1.29 + $1.22 + …. V = 24.89 |
This reduces down to: V = D1/k-g
Dividend Discount Model with Supernormal Growth
Now that we know how to calculate the value of a stock with a constantly growing dividend we can move on to a supernormal growth dividend.
Now that we know how to calculate the value of a stock with a constantly growing dividend we can move on to a supernormal growth dividend.
One way to think about the dividend payments is in two parts (A and B). Part A has a higher growth dividend; Part B has a constant growth dividend. (For more, see How Dividends Work For Investors.)
A) Higher Growth
This part is pretty straight forward - calculate each dividend amount at the higher growth rate and discount it back to the present period. This takes care of the supernormal growth period; all that is left is the value of the dividend payments which will grow at a continuous rate.
This part is pretty straight forward - calculate each dividend amount at the higher growth rate and discount it back to the present period. This takes care of the supernormal growth period; all that is left is the value of the dividend payments which will grow at a continuous rate.
B) Regular Growth
Still working with the last period of higher growth, calculate the value of the remaining dividends using the V = D1/(k-g) equation from the previous section. But D1 in this case would be next year's dividend, expected to be growing at the constant rate. Now discount back to the present value through four periods. A common mistake is discounting back five periods instead of four. But we use the fourth period because the valuation of the perpetuity of dividends is based on the end of year dividend in period four, which takes into account dividends in year five and on.
Still working with the last period of higher growth, calculate the value of the remaining dividends using the V = D1/(k-g) equation from the previous section. But D1 in this case would be next year's dividend, expected to be growing at the constant rate. Now discount back to the present value through four periods. A common mistake is discounting back five periods instead of four. But we use the fourth period because the valuation of the perpetuity of dividends is based on the end of year dividend in period four, which takes into account dividends in year five and on.
The values of all discounted dividend payments are added up to get the net present value. For example if you have a stock which pays a $1.45 dividend which is expected to grow at 15% for three years then at a constant 6% into the future. The discount rate is 12%.
Steps
1. Find the four high growth dividends.
2. Find the value of the constant growth dividends from the fifth dividend onward.
3. Discount each value.
4. Add up the total amount.
Period | Dividend | Calculation | Amount | Present Value |
1 | D1 | $1.45 x 1.151 | $1.67 | $1.50 |
2 | D2 | $1.45 x 1.152 | $1.92 | $1.56 |
3 | D3 | $1.45 x 1.153 | $2.21 | $1.61 |
4 | D4 | $1.45 x 1.154 | $2.54 | $1.67 |
5 | D5 … | $2.536 x 1.06 | $2.69 | |
$2.688 / (0.11 - 0.06) | $53.76 | |||
$53.76 / 1.114 | $35.42 | |||
NPV | $41.76 |
Implementation
When doing a discount calculation you are usually attempting to estimate the value of the future payments. Then you can compare this calculated intrinsic value to the market price to see if the stock is over or undervalued compared to your calculations. In theory this technique would be used on growth companies expecting higher than normal growth, but the assumptions and expectations are hard to predict. Companies could not maintain a high growth rate over long periods of time. In a competitive market new entrants and alternatives will compete for the same returns thus bringing return on equity (ROE) down.
When doing a discount calculation you are usually attempting to estimate the value of the future payments. Then you can compare this calculated intrinsic value to the market price to see if the stock is over or undervalued compared to your calculations. In theory this technique would be used on growth companies expecting higher than normal growth, but the assumptions and expectations are hard to predict. Companies could not maintain a high growth rate over long periods of time. In a competitive market new entrants and alternatives will compete for the same returns thus bringing return on equity (ROE) down.
The Bottom LineCalculations using the supernormal growth model are difficult because of the assumptions involved such as the required rate or return, growth or length of higher returns. If this is off, it could drastically change the value of the shares. In most cases, such as tests or homework, these numbers will be given, but in the real world we are left to calculate and estimate each of the metrics and evaluate the current asking price for shares. Supernormal growth is based on a simple idea but can even give veteran investors trouble. (For more, check out Taking Stock Of Discounted Cash Flow.)
by Peter Cherewyk
http://www.investopedia.com/articles/fundamental-analysis/11/supernormal-growth-analysis.asp
